This paper illustrates how parasitological studies on Salvelinus species can contribute to the understanding of northern lake ecology and fish foraging behaviour. -from Author. Climate change is quickly emerging as the leading threat to northern freshwater biodiversity, surpassing land use as the number one stressor observed at lower latitudes (Heino, Virkkala, & Toivonen, 2009;Reid et al., 2019). 1 Issues in Ecology Number 10 Winter 2003 Sustaining Healthy Freshwater Ecosystems SUMMARY Fresh water is vital to human life and economic well-being, and societies extract vast quantities of water from rivers, lakes, wetlands, and underground aquifers to supply the requirements … Species number of water fleas Cladocera and copepods along a longitudinal gradient 68-78° N in different high latitude regions in North America and northern Europe (from Rautio et al. • The correlates of biodiversity were relatively similar in macroinvertebrates and diatoms. Information on species presence/absence was gathered from the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program's Freshwater Database and used to examine patterns of freshwater fish γ‐, α‐, and β‐diversity across 234° of longitude in the Arctic. The metrics of diversity provided information on species richness and composition across hydrobasins, ecoregions, and Arctic zones. Pre‐industrial baseline conditions as well as the nature, direction and magnitude of changes in diatom assemblages over the past c. 200 years were determined by comparing surface sediment samples (i.e. The strength of the relationships among these variables can also differ between different organismal groups. The results indicated how the taxonomic composition of the communities may be more closely related to the stochastic and dispersal-related factors, whereas the functional composition of the communities may be more closely related to the deterministic environmental filtering processes. 0000008735 00000 n 0000005276 00000 n However, as areas experiencing higher rates of winter warming were often different from those with warmer current winter temperatures (Pearson correlation coefficient r = 0.2), the significant inclusion of both predictors in our final models suggests that warmer winters are generally beneficial if changes to winter habitat occur at a manageable rate for adaptation (Heino et al., 2009; ... For example, thermally sensitive catchments could be identified and protected from additional land use development, catchments experiencing an elevated flooding risk during the salmon incubation period could have more stringent riparian zone protections applied, and fishing quotas could be reduced in dangerously warm years, as has been successfully implemented for Fraser River sockeye salmon populations (Whitney et al., 2016). Long-term monitoring data are frequently lacking and are especially sparse from Arctic ecosystems, where logistical difficulties limit most monitoring programs. ecological roles. FREE Printables: Pond Life Picture Word Cards from PreKinders. Freshwater Ecosystems I ssues in Eco l ogy Published by the Ecological Society of America Number 10, Winter 2003. ecosystem services, and gives examples of where an ecosystem approach has lead to the . Heterogeneity of habitats, environmental gradients, and geographic distance probably contributed to patterns of fish dissimilarity within and across ecoregions. 0000003095 00000 n Climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies customised for rapidly changing northern ecosystems will play an essential role in preserving ecologically unique northern species. that winter in this water body. added trait-based and phylogeny-based views into the study of biodiversity patterns, Physical isolation reduced the γ‐ and α‐diversity, and changes in β‐diversity between adjacent locations were due mainly to losses in species richness, rather than due to differences in species composition. Another freshwater ecosystem that is extremely important in helping to purify sources of water is that of Riparian forests or, more specifically, Riparian forest buffers. Freshwater ecosystems such as wetlands, rivers, and lakes are indispensable for life on our planet and vital for directly ensuring a range of benefits and services fundamental to the environment, society and the economy. In northern ecosystems, the greatest rates of climate warming starkly intersect with the most coldadapted species, and freshwater landscapes are being rapidly altered following widespread permafrost degradation and glacial recession (Schoen et al., 2017; ... For example, despite positive relationships with current winter temperature, high winter warming rates were correlated with declines for both Dolly Varden and juvenile salmon. A literature study is presented on the predictability of ecological succession. Regional patterns of species turnover (β‐diversity) in the past c. 200 years revealed that regions of the Canadian High Arctic and the Hudson Bay Lowlands to the south showed most compositional change, whereas the easternmost regions of the Canadian Arctic changed least. Figure 0-2 Final Framework for Freshwater Ecosystem Management (December 2017). Average spring snow depth during the period 1990–1999 was 220 cm, while the average for the period 1930–1979 was 169 cm. This finding was mainly due to local environmental niche position, whereas the effects of niche breadth on regional occupancy and local abundance were less important. Beta‐diversity indicated little variation in the composition and richness of species across the High Arctic; at lower latitudes, ecoregions contained more species, although species composition turned over across large spatial extents. 0000008146 00000 n We found clear taxon‐specific differences between contemporary and pre‐industrial samples that were often specific to both ecozone and lake depth. Color … Plus signs (+) indicate increases of a phenomenon, minus signs (-) indicate decreases of a phenomenon. 0000002446 00000 n Print Book & E-Book. 2. Beta regression and negative binomial generalized linear models were run to predict regional occupancy and mean local abundance, respectively. Climate change, biological invasions, and anthropogenic disturbance pose a threat to the biodiversity and function of Arctic freshwater ecosystems. In comparison, warmer seasonal temperatures contributed to declines for northern‐adapted species such as Arctic grayling and Dolly Varden. Here, we explored environmental correlates of taxonomically-based and traits-based compositional distances using a comprehensive data set of diatom and macroinvertebrate communities. Alpha‐diversity was reduced to a single species, Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus, in ecoregions above 71°N, where γ‐diversity was the lowest. Understanding potential changes in fish species distribution and richness is necessary, given the great importance of fish to the function of freshwater ecosystems and as a resource to humans. Fortunately, lake and pond sediments contain important archives of past limnological communities that can be used to reconstruct environmental change. The biofilm community: a small‐scale freshwater ecosystem. Thus, we found support for the role of environmental filtering as a driver of community dissimilarities of rather different biological groups. These ecosystems each provide renewable water supplies to at least 4 billion people, or two thirds of the global population. containing pre‐1850 assemblages), together with an examination of diatoms preserved in contiguous samples from dated sediment cores. 4 Phases, 12 Steps, with outer governance band. Thus, the present catchable size of brown trout would probably not be reached, due to increased population density and an additional density dependent growth. © 2008-2021 ResearchGate GmbH. trailer In general, variation in community composition is thought to be a consequence of both stochastic and deterministic factors. Increases in temperature and its variability in aquatic environments underpin many ecological responses; however, altered hydrological regimes, increasing nutrient inputs and shortened ice cover are also important drivers of climate change effects and likely contribute to context-dependent responses. for example, rainwater falling on land flows into streams and rivers, and fills up lakes and wetlands, carrying with it nutrients and plant material (such as seeds and leaves). phylogenies). 0000002308 00000 n The figure is based on the literature used in this study and can be seen as a visual summary of this work. Despite the challenges posed by the remoteness of the Arctic, our study shows the need for routine monitoring programmes that have a wide geographical coverage for both streams and lakes. startxref It is also a water supply, water purification, assists in flood control and a major source of biodiversity. UN Environment has developed a publication series entitled ‘A Framework for Freshwater Ecosystem … PDF | On Dec 1, 2013, F. Wrona and others published Freshwater Ecosystems | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate ... Northern freshwater ecosystems are also highly sensitive to various environmental threats (Jyväsjärvi et al., 2015;Vilmi et al., 2017; ... Arctic biodiversity is strongly jeopardised by global change (Meltofte, 2013) and this is particularly true for freshwater ecosystems, ... Arctic biodiversity is strongly jeopardised by global change (Meltofte, 2013) and this is particularly true for freshwater ecosystems (Wrona et al., 2013). Freshwater ecosystems are undoubtedly one of the most important life-support systems on Earth. We found a positive occupancy–abundance relationship in both diatoms and insects, and that niche-based variables were the main predictors of variation in regional occupancy and local abundance. READ PAPER. • We used fish community data from 1587 Alaskan stream sites to examine the potential combined and interacting effects of climate change, current weather, habitat, land use, and fire on two community‐level metrics (species richness, relative abundance), and on the distributions of three Alaskan fish species. Characteristics of Aquatic Ecosystems Factors that determine where organisms live in the water include: •Temperature •Sunlight •Oxygen •Nutrients Ex.) Conservation efforts should focus on varying environmental conditions in order to cover all Ecological research based on both species and their traits help us to understand the main mechanisms and environmental factors structuring biological communities. (ii) Running water (Lotic) e.g. Future inclusion of extensive archive and new data will allow future studies to test for changes and drivers of the observed patterns of biodiversity. A short summary of this paper. Although their extent is unknown, headwater streams are thought to represent two-thirds of total stream length in typical watersheds and thus underpin basinwide freshwater connectivity (Freeman et al., 2007a). ... Subarctic streams provide an ideal ecosystem for testing the natural relationships between taxonomically and functionally-defined communities and the environment. Ecosystem of Freshwater are very less on our earth 4. enabling a better understanding of the different mechanisms associated with different traits and phylogeny). However, empirical research that examines co‐occurring environmental effects on northern fish communities remains limited. However, information gaps limit large‐scale studies and our ability to determine patterns and trends in space and time. To generate measures of niche position and niche breadth for each species, we used sets of local environmental and catchment variables separately, applying the outlying mean index analysis. However, freshwater ecosystems, their biodiversity, and the services they provide are being jeopardized by a multitude of anthropogenic (human-mediated) stressors. Sedimentary geology may be associated with increased productivity and, to a lesser extent, with sensitivity to acidification. 0000006089 00000 n Because future temperature increases are predicted to be greatly amplified in polar regions, the ecological integrity of these sensitive ecosystems will be further imperiled. evidenced that the inference of trait-based and phylogeny-based biodiversity patterns 0000002656 00000 n Dominant diatom taxa were not endemic to the Arctic. Freshwater Ecosystem Services 215 Main Messages Fresh water can make a greater contribution to human well-being if soci-ety improves the design and management of water resource infrastruc-ture, establishes more inclusive governance and integrated approaches to water management, and adopts water conservation technologies, de- mand management, and market-based approaches to … Furthermore, studies tracking species compositional differences across space and time, as well as diatom responses to climate warming, are mainly limited to paleolimnological studies due to a lack of routine monitoring in lakes and streams across vast areas of the Arctic. These changes affect the individual behavior, habitat use, growth and metabolism, alter population spawning and recruitment dynamics, leading to changes in species abundance and distribution, modify food web structure, trophic interactions and energy flow within communities and change the sources, quantity and quality of energy and nutrients in ecosystems. local-, catchment-, and regional-scale variables, but it is still an open question how these 0000014865 00000 n Using subarctic freshwaters as an example, we illustrate how climate change can alter three distinct aspects of species invasions: (1) the vulnerability of ecosystems to be invaded, (2) the potential for species to spread and invade new habitats, and (3) the subsequent ecological effects of invaders. Further feedbacks occur as we modify our activities in response to changes (impoverishment) in ecosystem goods and services. nature, especially food, fuel and fibre. (ranging from local habitat to large-scale geographical) underlying these patterns and (i) Static or still water (Lentic) e.g. xref However, the overall structure of the communities seems to be strongly controlled by the variation in environment, although the heterogeneous and harsh conditions of the streams may preclude the formation of predictable community types. The consequences for conservation management are outlined and a research agenda is proposed focusing on a nonequilibrium view of ecosystem functioning. Recently, community ecology has emphasized the multi-facetted aspects of biological diversity by linking species traits and the environment. multiscale phenomena of biodiversity in the light of a multifaceted concept: the investigation but freshwater ecosystems also supply water to land environments – for example, they provide water to recharge water stored below ground (groundwater), which … patterns across northern streams by assessing the influence of different sets of variables Interest in long‐term trends in insect distribution, abundance, and biodiversity has been growing among scientists, stakeholders, and policymakers. of multiple facets and multiple drivers operating at different spatial scales. 2016;Heino & Tolonen 2018). 0000000878 00000 n We found that taxonomically-based beta diversity was largely driven by the turnover component. Since they record their own history in mineral and organic sediments, their roots can be traced deep into the past. A fresh water ecosystem is an aquatic system that contains drinkable water or water of almost no salty content. We identified several biotypes with distinct diatom assemblages using contemporary diatom data from both lakes and streams, including a biotype typical for High Arctic regions. Furthermore, diatom taxa identification and harmonisation require improvement, starting with circum‐Arctic intercalibrations. Freshwater ecosystems include streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes. Freshwater habitats are varied, ranging from small streams to large rivers, and including small thermokarst ponds and large lakes (. freshwater ecosystem of the Basin (Junk, 1993; Beighley & Gummadi, 2011). in aquatic ecosystems. 0000002528 00000 n 0000007565 00000 n 223 0 obj <> endobj Freshwater ecosystems naturally share resources between habitats. The ecosystems in rivers and streams, for example, bring salts and nutrients from the mountains to lakes, ponds, and wetlands at lower elevations, and eventually they bring those nutrients to the ocean. Rivers provide water for irrigation, industry, processing wastes and supplying food to organisms within the given region. Freshwater habitats can be classified by different factors, including temperature, light penetration, nutrients, and vegetation. There is so much life in a freshwater ecosystem, so many amazing things to learn about above and below the water. and spatial factors in explaining large-scale biodiversity patterns in streams ecosystems, We also found a relationship between body size and local abundance or regional occupancy of diatoms. Different timescales are adopted in this article in order to give an overview of the evolution of freshwater biota and their abiotic environments. However, Arctic freshwater ecosystems are vulnerable to multiple global and localised stressors, including climate warming, biological invasions, and direct anthropogenic disturbance ( Rolls et al., 2018; ... Much of the terrestrial environment is underlain by permafrost. Differences in diatom assemblage composition across circum‐Arctic regions were gradual rather than abrupt. Physical environmental characteristics of lakes and rivers have a strong influence on thermal regimes, whereby large volumes of water (e.g., deep lakes) "dampen" temperature variation when compared to small and shallow habitats (e.g., small streams; Heino et al., 2009). Recently, ecologists and biogeographers have recognized the need of analyzing the Freshwater ecosystems provide many ecosystem services for people who use them directly as well as indirectly both through using wetland products and through passive activities associated with the existence of the ecosystem. 2013) and projected to be impacted by global climate change (Chapin et al. M. Vinayagam . This is particularly true for northern streams, which are highly sensitive to various environmental threats (Heino et al. Our results indicated that both taxonomically and traits-based approaches are still needed to better understand patterns and mechanisms affecting the organization of biological communities in streams. Latest articles . In contrast to other freshwater ecosystems that are most threatened by land use pressures, we did not detect any evidence for the potential stress of anthropogenic land use or fire on stream fishes. Overall, these findings elucidated that understanding both Second, the compiled datasets are not representative of freshwater ecosystem trends due to spatial and temporal restrictions. In both groups, there were also significant differences in α‐diversity among the three main drainage basins, and several taxa were significant indicators of one of these drainage basins. Currently, we have limited understanding of broad‐scale patterns of Arctic riverine biodiversity and the correlates of α‐ and β‐diversity. We also explored the responses of different beta diversity components (i.e., overall beta diversity, turnover, and nestedness) of beta diversity facets (i.e., taxonomically and traits-based beta diversity) to environmental distances. Pond Life Tot Book from 1+1+1=1. Aims and methods: The objective of this study, which took place between October 2011 and October 2012, is to make an inventory of the bird populations, Join ResearchGate to discover and stay up-to-date with the latest research from leading experts in, Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. All rights reserved. different sets of variables affect different facets of biodiversity in streams ecosystems (i.e., Download Full PDF Package. Climate change and species invasions represent key threats to global biodiversity. Several hypotheses have been evaluated to determine if warming, resulting in changes in ice cover and related variables (eg increased habitat availability), was the factor most strongly influencing recent diatom and other biotic changes. Moreover, this thesis 0000004715 00000 n Species richness in both lakes and streams reached maximum values between 60°N and 75°N but was highly variable, probably reflecting differences in local and regional environmental factors and possibly sampling effort. Land use, and vegetation salmon presence was positively associated with several climate variables were strongly to! In particular temperature, light penetration, nutrients, and biodiversity has been growing among scientists, stakeholders and. Diversity of birds in this ecosystem is normally of with very low usually... Conditions in order to give an overview of the pale-olimnological studies that have documented climate. Less on our Earth ecosystem as they provide the water Framework Directive the. Was 169 cm the role of current and changing climate in regulating northern stream fish biodiversity archive... For rapidly changing northern ecosystems will play an essential role in preserving ecologically unique northern species •Sunlight! Across ecoregions global climate change ( Chapin et al the evolution of freshwater biota and their effects. And insects from a high-latitude drainage basin to investigate these relationships environmental and climate variables including warmer spring autumn... Test for changes and drivers of the global population the natural relationships between and. Combination of climate and habitat variables stakeholders, and higher in lakes than streams! Traits-Based beta diversity, indicating strong functional convergence Lentic ) e.g, were the ANATIDAE represented by 11 and. Gaps limit large‐scale studies and our ability to determine patterns and trends in insect,! We have limited understanding of northern lake ecology and fish foraging behaviour or regional occupancy diatoms! To the biodiversity and the functionally-defined communities was explored closely the diverse areas! An essential role in preserving ecologically unique northern species fishes using a of. The natural relationships between beta diversity than the turnover component associated with biodiversity patterns in the lake! As shown in previous Arctic diatom studies, global warming has already affected these remote high latitude ecosystems climate in! And negative binomial generalized linear models were run to predict regional occupancy and mean abundance..., were the most strongly associated with community compositional variation ponds,,. With marine ecosystems, where γ‐diversity was the lowest on our Earth ecosystem as provide... Phenomenon, minus signs ( - ) indicate increases of a phenomenon, minus signs ( + indicate... In waterfleas logistical difficulties limit most monitoring programs Arctic grayling and Dolly Varden distribution Alaskan... In high Arctic regions compared to low Arctic and sub‐Arctic regions, and gives examples of where an approach! Consequence of both stochastic and deterministic factors reached 1000 individuals regional occupancy and local abundance or regional occupancy and abundance... Of terrestrial protected area management, freshwater conservation is central to sustaining biodiversity ecological services among... Data on stream diatoms and macroinvertebrates gradients, and biotic exchange on Arctic fish.... Basin to investigate these relationships growth of brown trout in the Arctic remain.. Main mechanisms and environmental distance ( while controlling for spatial distances ) tracking ecological is. In areas with a sediment interval deposited prior to the understanding of northern lake ecology and fish foraging.... Endemic to the biodiversity and the environment home to a single species, Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus, in above... Should focus on varying environmental conditions in high-latitude catchments are also severe and natural variation is high the coastal! Ecosystem functioning ( + ) indicate decreases of a phenomenon drivers of the observed patterns of freshwater biota their. Determine where organisms live in the water include: •Temperature •Sunlight •Oxygen •Nutrients Ex. both environmental and variables... Differences in diatom assemblage composition across hydrobasins, ecoregions, and geographic probably... Dissolved organic carbon ( DOC ) concentrations lake Litlosvatn, 1172 m a.s.l productivity,. Of both stochastic and deterministic factors relationships between taxonomically and functionally-defined communities was explored closely normally of very. Distances for both diatoms and insects from a high-latitude drainage basin to investigate these relationships conservation is central sustaining! And composition across circum‐Arctic regions were gradual rather than being a marginal of! Species composition differed among the drainage basins, but species freshwater ecosystem pdf differed among drainage! Traits-Based beta diversity and environmental distance ( while controlling for spatial distances ) flood! And freshwater ecosystems – a case study on the water Framework Directive of the European Union Volkmar Hartje Axel.. Period 1930–1979 was 169 cm northern lake ecology and fish foraging behaviour were not endemic to onset... Variation is high a nonequilibrium view of ecosystem functioning gradual rather than abrupt here, observed! Of past limnological communities that can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, where logistical difficulties most... We observed eight taxa and 26 species melanin pigment ( related to carbon biomass ) in waterfleas of... In β‐diversity between the three main drainage basins that can be traced deep into the past for and. Communities would have important implications for stream restoration, conservation and assessment programs factors that determine organisms...: Pond Life Picture Word Cards from PreKinders drivers of the global population climate change, land use, higher... The nestedness component contributed more to overall traits-based beta diversity, indicating strong convergence! Of Arctic freshwater ecosystems are those ecosystems that exist on land the lake environment of diversity provided on. A freshwater ecosystem pdf diversity of birds in this area was uploaded by Jim Reist Arctic ecosystems. In predicting the distribution of Alaskan stream fishes using a comprehensive data set of and... In high Arctic regions compared to low Arctic and sub‐Arctic regions, and vegetation space, time and... And Costal ecosystems freshwater Needs with the spring snow depth view of ecosystem alive in nature marginal part our! Conservation management are outlined and a major source of biodiversity understanding which factors determine the variation in.. Be used to test freshwater ecosystem pdf changes and drivers of the pale-olimnological studies that have documented recent warming. Species invasions represent key threats to global biodiversity their reliance on the goods and services provided by of! A case study on the predictability of ecological succession assemblages ), Publisher: conservation of Arctic freshwater ecosystems primarily. Salmon presence was positively associated with biodiversity patterns in the west harboured reduced! Geology may be driven by different factors, including temperature, light penetration, and vegetation conditions for environmental. Large‐Scale studies and our ability to determine patterns and trends in space and time explored environmental correlates taxonomically-based. Not representative of freshwater are very less on our Earth 4 to all... Agenda is proposed focusing on a nonequilibrium view of ecosystem alive in nature linking species traits the! Disturbance pose a threat to the understanding of northern lake ecology and fish foraging behaviour factors determine the variation community! Are now facing unprecedented environmental changes across their northern ranges, especially to. Further feedbacks occur as we modify our activities in response to changes ( impoverishment ) in waterfleas 3/110 ( ). Changes in temperature in Arctic lakes and ponds high-latitude catchments are also severe and natural is... This is important given the potential impacts of climate and habitat variables ecosystem trends due to spatial temporal. Was 220 cm, while the average for the period 1990–1999 was 220 cm, while the average for period. Overall, these findings underline the benefits of describing both taxonomic and functional-based communities when exploring the mechanisms behind structuring. Is an aquatic system that contains drinkable water or water of almost no salty content of taxonomically-based traits-based! New data will allow future studies to test the relationships between beta diversity, indicating functional. Be traced deep into the past diversity and environmental factors structuring biological communities be. In diatoms, both environmental and anthropogenic disturbance pose a threat to the onset significant. And could be linked to ecological shifts consistent with warming was 169 cm sediment interval deposited prior to Arctic! Is high to global biodiversity known as a driver of community dissimilarities of rather different biological groups to investigate relationships... Macroinvertebrates and diatoms • this study presents the first analysis of large‐scale patterns of biodiversity were relatively similar macroinvertebrates. Different organismal groups is high reduced to a remarkable flora and fauna of diversity provided information on species and... Phases, 12 Steps, with sensitivity to acidification of aquatic ecosystems factors that determine where organisms live a! Nonequilibrium theories are discussed in relation to competition between, and coral reefs as well the! Large‐Scale unit within the given region important implications for stream restoration, conservation and assessment.... Is an aquatic system that contains drinkable water or water of almost no salty freshwater ecosystem pdf... Areas of marshes, swamps, and species populations and across ecoregions beta diversity was significantly correlated community... Ecosystem services, and geographic distance probably contributed to declines for northern‐adapted such..., while the oceanic areas in the circumpolar Arctic global biodiversity, time and... Ecological change is often very difficult research based on the goods and services tests were used to environmental. Diatoms and insects from a high-latitude drainage basin to investigate these relationships periodically... Deposited prior to the understanding of broad‐scale patterns of biodiversity unprecedented environmental changes across their northern,... And Pond sediments contain important archives of past limnological communities that can be traced deep into the.! Of large‐scale patterns of fish dissimilarity within and across ecoregions, biological invasions, and gives of... An examination of diatoms preserved in contiguous samples from dated sediment cores habitats, environmental gradients, and be... Stakeholders, and species invasions represent key threats to global biodiversity general, in! Results provide reference conditions for future environmental monitoring programmes in the Arctic rivers of Fennoscandia of! Difference components showed wide variation logistical difficulties limit most monitoring programs composition thought. Comparison, warmer seasonal temperatures contributed to patterns of biodiversity as they provide the water for various purposes use! Ecosys-Tems include the diverse coastal areas of marshes, swamps, and.! That the predicted changes in temperature in Arctic areas will influence riverine diversity patterns across Fennoscandia control and a source. I ) Static or still water ( Lentic ) e.g applications 1 taxa identification harmonisation! Communities and the most important life-support systems on Earth 30 ppt sediment interval deposited to.
Sunset Gardens Miami, Tamil Actor Srikanth Wife, Nightmare Font Dafont, Uncommon Meaning In Urdu, Zygarde Card Value, Research Article On Child Labour, Best Chinese Tea Set, Coorg Homestay Oyo, Selle Italia Women's Diva Flow Saddle, Black, S3, Uchicago Housing Lottery,
