andronikos ii palaiologos

In early 1246, the Mongols under Güyük Khan and his ally Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria laid siege to Constantinople, trapping Andronikos II and his court and government inside the city as the massive Mongol army occupied the horizon as far as the eye could see. He was named governor of the city and received the high-ranking and prestigious title of Despot, which was second only to the Emperor himself in the Byzantine court hierarchy. References * "Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium", 1991. 1 April 1251 (age 59)Rhaidestos, Byzantine Empire He was formally crowned co-emperor in February 1325, before ousting his grandfather outright and becoming sole empe Golden Horde-Wikipedia. During the Scythian Wars, Andronikos overthrew John III in a palace coup and reigned as Byzantine emperor from 1245 to 1249. Emperor of the Romans Andronikos Komnenos Palaiologos Andronikos II Palaiologos (Greek: Ἀνδρόνικος B' Παλαιολόγος, c. 1192 – 1 April 1251, Rhaidestos) was a high-ranking Byzantine general and Grand Domestic under John III Doukas Vatatzes. تفصیل: Andronikos II Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor (1282-1328) تریخ Andronikos II Palaiologos (Greek: Ἀνδρόνικος Παλαιολόγος ; 25 March 1259 – 13 February 1332), usually Latinized as Andronicus II Palaeologus, reigned as Byzantine Emperor from 1282 to 1328. Theodora Angelina Palaiologina Le conflit a précipité l'implication bulgare , et Michael Asen III de Bulgarie a tenté de capturer Andronikos II sous prétexte de lui envoyer un soutien militaire. Andronikos II est né Andronikos Doukas Angelos Komnenos Palaiologos ( Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος ) à Nicée . 25 December 1245 Manuel II Helena sons.JPG 848 × 1,188; 810 KB. Andronikos III Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor, was born 25 March 1297 in Constantinople to Michael IX Palaiologos (1277-1320) and Rita of Armenia (1278-1333) and died 15 June 1341 inConstantinople of unspecified causes. For the first year of his reign, Andronikos II's authority was mostly restricted to the city of Constantinople and the province of Thrace, with the rest of the empire either falling to foreign invaders or pledging themselves to other imperial claimants. Andronikos II Palaiologos. Eirene Palaiologina, who married general John Kantakouzenos. The Byzantine Empire under Andronikos II Palaiologos and Andronikos III Palaiologos was raided by the Golden Horde between 1320 and 1341, until the Byzantine port of Vicina Macaria was occupied. Died Michael IX was the eldest son of the Byzantine Emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos and his first wife Anna, daughter of King Stephen V of Hungary. Predecessor klečícím před Kristem. Heir Apparent Andronikos II Palaiologos translation in English-French dictionary. See more » Despot (court title) Despot or despotes (from δεσπότης, despótēs, "lord", "master") was a senior Byzantine court title that was bestowed on the sons or sons-in-law of reigning emperors, and initially denoted the … klečícím před Kristem. Andronikos III Palaiologos (1328–1341) Andronikos III was responsible for the first of the disastrous civil wars that wracked Byzantium in the fourteenth century. Andronikos III was first married, in 1318, with Adelheid of Brunswick, daughter of Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg; she died in 1324. The son of Michael IX Palaiologos and Rita of Armenia. Andronikos II a également tenté de marier son fils et co-empereur Michael IX Palaiologos à l'impératrice latine Catherine I de Courtenay , cherchant ainsi à éliminer l'agitation occidentale pour une restauration de l'Empire latin. Andronikos II Palaiologos (tiếng Hy Lạp: Ανδρόνικος Β' Παλαιολόγος) (25 tháng 3, 1259 – 13 tháng 2, 1332), viết theo tiếng Latinh là Andronicus II Palaeologus, là Hoàng đế Đông La Mã từ năm 1282 đến 1328. Born He married a sister of Euphrosyne Taronitissa, Gregoria, and was exeucted alongside his elder brother in 1281. Eirene Palaiologina. Successor Andronikos III Palaiologos of Paleologus (Grieks: Ἀνδρόνικος Γ′ Παλαιολόγος; 25 Maart 1297 - 15 Junie 1341) was van 1328 tot 1341 keiser van die Bisantynse Ryk. Monarches similar to or like Andronikos II Palaiologos. Pendant son règne, les Turcs ont conquis la plupart des territoires anatoliens occidentaux de l'Empire et, au cours des dernières années de son règne, il a également dû combattre son petit-fils Andronikos lors de la première guerre civile de Paléologue . Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria 29= 29. Andronikos II was born Andronikos Doukas Angelos Komnenos Palaiologos (Greek: Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος) at Nicaea. Andronikos II PalaiologosἈνδρόνικος B' Παλαιολόγος ), who had helped dethrone Andronikos II (q.v.). His usurpation was challenged by several rival claimants, including John III's son Theodore II Laskaris. Une autre alliance de mariage a tenté de résoudre le conflit potentiel avec la Serbie en Macédoine , lorsque Andronikos II a marié sa fille Simonis, âgée de cinq ans, au roi Stefan Milutin en 1298. The Emperor doted on his firstborn son, which became a great consolation for him after the untimely death of his beloved wife Anna in 1281. Hy was die seun van Michael IX Palaiologos, die oudste seun en medekeiser van Andronikos II Palaiologos. Emperor (q.v.) Andronikos III Palaiologos was born 25 March 1297 and died 15 June 1341, his latinized name is Andronicus III Palaeologus who was Byzantine Emperor from 1328 until his death in 1341. One of Andronikos’s first actions was to save money by scrapping his father’s successful fleet, a mistake that would leave Byzantium at the mercy of the maritime powers of Italy. Successor Andronikos se narodil v 25. března 1259 jako syn nikájského císaře Michaela VIII. accord avec les Vénitiens ratifié en 1277. Notable ancestors includeCharlemagne (747-814), … Thousands of mourners accompanied Andronikos' burial, and Theodore II's chief minister George Mouzalon went as far as declaring an official period of mourning to be observed at the imperial court. Andronikos II held overall command from the Palace of Blachernae, adjacent to the city walls, whereas his son Michael personally commanded the Byzantine defenders next to the Gate of St. Romanus, defending the walls against the Mongol onslaught and leading out sorties to weaken enemy morale. He was the second son born to Alexios Palaiologos and Irene Komnene around 1192, being the great-great-grandson of the family's founder George Palaiologos. Le 8 novembre 1273, Andronikos II se maria comme sa première épouse Anna de Hongrie , fille de Stephen V de Hongrie et d' Elizabeth le Cuman , avec qui il eut deux fils: Anna mourut en 1281 et en 1284 Andronikos épousa Yolanda (rebaptisée Irene) , fille de Guillaume VII de Montferrat , avec qui il eut: Andronikos II a également eu au moins trois filles illégitimes: Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre, Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος, Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit, licence Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. Andronikos II Palaiologos. With the siege lifted, at first Andronikos II refused to open the gates of the city to Constantinople. Les victoires militaires réussies en Asie Mineure d' Alexios Philanthropenos et de John Tarchaneiotes contre les Turcs dépendaient en grande partie d'un contingent militaire considérable d'évadés crétois ou d'exilés de la Crète occupée par les Vénitiens, dirigé par Hortatzis, que Michael VIII avait rapatrié à Byzance par un traité. The real power behind the throne was John Kantakouzenos (q.v. In this, both Andronikos II and Michael were successful. Nevertheless, due to his role in the staunch defense of Constantinople, which made Andronikos II a hero in the eyes of the Byzantines, he was able to maintain his status and properties under the restored Laskarid regime. 2010. Andronikos Palaiologos.jpg 155 × 400; 27 KB. Là, ils ont conquis le duché d'Athènes et de Thèbes . Andronikos III Palaiologos, commonly Latinized as Andronicus III Palaeologus, was the Byzantine emperor from 1328 to 1341.Born Andronikos Doukas Angelos Komnenos Palaiologos, he was the son of Michael IX Palaiologos and Rita of Armenia.He was proclaimed co-emperor in his youth, before 1313, and in April 1321 he rebelled in opposition to his grandfather, Andronikos II Palaiologos. Étant plus impitoyables et plus sauvages que l'ennemi qu'ils avaient l'intention de soumettre, ils se disputèrent avec Michel IX, et finalement se retournèrent ouvertement contre leurs employeurs byzantins après le meurtre de Roger de Flor en 1305; avec un groupe de Turcs volontaires, ils dévastèrent la Thrace , la Macédoine et la Thessalie sur leur route vers le sud de la Grèce occupée par le latin. Andronikos II Palaiologos (1260 – 13. helmikuuta 1332) oli Palaiologos-sukuun kuulunut Bysantin keisari vuosina 1282–1328. the overall commander of the armies, in the late 1220's, by emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes. Život Před nástupem na trůn. Andronikos II Palaiologos ( grec: Ἀνδρόνικος Παλαιολόγος; 25 mars 1259-13 février 1332), généralement latinisé sous le nom d' Andronicus II Paléologue, régna comme empereur byzantin de 1282 à 1328. Ondanks zijn grote begaafdheid, bleek hij in de praktijk niet in staat de langzame ondergang van Byzantium te stuiten. Retrouvez Andronikos II Palaiologos: Byzantine emperor, Theodora Doukaina Vatatzina, Michael VIII Palaiologos, John III Doukas Vatatzes, Anne of Hungary (1260–1281), Stephen V of Hungary et des millions de livres en stock sur Amazon.fr. À la fin du règne d'Andronikos II, une grande partie de la Bithynie était entre les mains des Turcs ottomans d'Osman Ier et de son fils et héritier Orhan . John Palaiologos. Andronikos II Palaiologos (Greek: Ἀνδρόνικος Παλαιολόγος; 25 March 1259 – 13 February 1332), usually Latinized as Andronicus II Palaeologus, reigned as Byzantine Emperor from 1282 to 1328. Theodora Palaiologina (née en 1295), est décédée jeune. He was proclaimed co-emperor in his youth, before 1313, and in April 1321 he rebelled in opposition to his grandfather, Andronikos II Palaiologos. Palaiologos (25. března 1259, Nikaia–13. They had four children: The Arthurverse Wiki is a FANDOM Games Community. The Byzantine emperor from 1328 to 1341. Andronikos' reign was marked by the beginning of the decline of the Byzantine Empire. Andronikos III Palaiologos, commonly Latinized as Andronicus III Palaeologus, was the Byzantine emperor from 1328 to 1341. Andronikos' sarcophagus was made of porphyry and inscribed with the epiteth "The Queen's Shield", making reference to Constantinople. Irene Komnene With the steady advance of Güyük Khan, who had reached the Eastern shore of the Marmara Sea by the end of 1245, Andronikos II and Alexios Angelos Gabras negotiated an agreement to bring an end to their dispute. Gabras and Andronikos II's son, Michael, would duel outside the walls of Constantinople, and whoever won would retain the imperial crown and marry the other's family. Reverse: Inscription: Α-ΝΔ-ΡΟΝΙ-ΚΟCΔ-ΕCΠ-OTH-C-Ο ΠΑ-ΛΑΙ-ΟΛΟ-ΓΟC. Andronikos II est mort comme moine à Constantinople en 1332. Malgré quelques succès, les Catalans n'ont pas réussi à obtenir des gains durables. Ondanks zijn grote begaafdheid, bleek hij in de praktijk niet in staat de langzame ondergang van Byzantium te stuiten. Hyperpyron Andronika II. En 1291, il loua 50–60 navires génois, mais la faiblesse byzantine résultant du manque de marine devint douloureusement apparente dans les deux guerres avec Venise en 1296–1302 et 1306–10 . Andronikos s first problem was to heal the wounds opened by his father Michael VIII s union of the churches (qq.v.). When the Mongols retreated following the death of Ögodei Khan, Andronikos returned as a victorious hero to Constantinople. John I, Duke of Brabant 23= 23. from 12821328, during whose long reign Byzantium s (q.v.) Mother Andronikos II Palaiologos (Greek: Ἀνδρόνικος Παλαιολόγος; 25 March 1259 – 13 February 1332), usually Latinized as Andronicus II Palaeologus, reigned as Byzantine Emperor from 1282 to 1328. Andronikos II Palaiologos (Greek: Ἀνδρόνικος Παλαιολόγος; 25 March 1259 – 13 February 1332), usually Latinized as Andronicus II Palaeologus, reigned as Byzantine Emperor from 1282 to 1328. Andronikos II Palaiologos (Greek: Ἀνδρόνικος B' Παλαιολόγος, c. 1192 – 1 April 1251, Rhaidestos) was a high-ranking Byzantine general and Grand Domestic under John III Doukas Vatatzes. Andronikos II Palaiologos was the eldest surviving son of Michael VIII Palaiologos and Theodora Doukaina Vatatzina, grandniece of John III Doukas Vatatzes. In March 1318, Andronikos married Irene of Brunswick, daughter of Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen. Grand Domestic of the Byzantine Empire Media in category "Andronikos II Palaiologos" The following 10 files are in this category, out of 10 total. Eastern Orthodox Une fille connue sous le nom de Despina Khatun, qui a épousé, Cette page a été modifiée pour la dernière fois le 24 décembre 2020 à 13:51, This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article. Arms of Andronikos II Palaiologos (Millingen).jpg 340 × 229; 16 KB. Manuel Paléologue relevé Gaignières.jpg 401 × 505; 78 KB. Andronikos II Palaiologos (25 March 1259 – 13 February 1332), usually Latinized as Andronicus II Palaeologus, reigned as Byzantine Emperor from 1282 to 1328. Andronikos II Palaiologos (25 March 1259 – 13 February 1332), usually Latinized as Andronicus II Palaeologus, reigned as Byzantine Emperor from 1282 to 1328. Pendant son règne, la valeur de l' hyperpyron byzantin s'est dépréciée précipitamment, tandis que le trésor public accumulait moins d'un septième des revenus (en pièces nominales) qu'il avait auparavant. Tag Archives: Andronikos II Palaiologos The last Serbian queen: Helena Palaiologina (*1431- +1473) Posted on November 12, 2012 by serbianbyzantine. Burial Not much is known of Andronikos' early life. Despite his renunciation of the… [edit]Family. Levon II of Armenia 19= 19. They had an unnamed son, who died shortly after birth in 1321. Seul empereur de 1282, Andronikos II a immédiatement répudié l'union impopulaire de son père avec la papauté , qu'il avait a été contraint de soutenir alors que son père était encore en vie, mais il n'a pas été en mesure de résoudre le schisme lié au sein du clergé orthodoxe jusqu'en 1310. Obverse: ΙC XC. Theodore II Laskaris Issue Malgré la résolution des problèmes en Europe , Andronikos II a été confronté à l'effondrement de la frontière byzantine en Asie Mineure , malgré les gouvernorats réussis, mais courts, d' Alexios Philanthropenos et de John Tarchaneiotes . Christ standing on a dais. Andronikos II avait réinstallé ces Crétois dans la région de la rivière Méandre, la frontière sud-est asiatique de Byzance avec les Turcs. Anna of Hungary 18= 18. Les problèmes de l'Empire ont été exploités par Théodore Svetoslav de Bulgarie , qui a vaincu Michael IX et conquis une grande partie du nord-est de la Thrace en c.  1305–07 . Andronikos' reign was marked by the beginning of the decline of the Byzantine Empire. He was named Grand Domestic of the Byzantine Empire, i.e. Andronikos III proved to be a good general, winning victories against lesser foes in Thessaly and… It was in his capacity as Grand Domestic that he participated in the defense against the Mongol invasions. He was born with his full name, Andronikos Doukas Angelos Komnenos Palaiologos and was the son of Michael IX Palaiologos and Rita of Armenia.During his younger years, he was proclaimed co-emperor before 1313 … Palaiologos Instead, just as Andronikos II, Theodore II saw himself forced to accept the arrangement. a jeho manželky Theodory. Andronikos III was first married, in 1318, with Adelheid of Brunswick, daughter of Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg; she died in 1324. února 1332, Konstantinopol) vládl jako druhý císař z rodu Palaiologovců v Byzantské říši v letech 1282–1328. Maria Palaiologina, who married the Byzantine general Nikephoros Tarchaneiotes, a Thracian magnate from Adrianople who suffered heavy punishment under Theodore II. Although Andronikos had been pardoned and nominally named governor, he was virtually kept in house arrest by the Byzantine high admiral and loyal supporter of Theodore II Alexios Doukas Philanthropenos, who had established himself and the remnants of the imperial fleet at Rhaidestos. Le conflit s'est terminé par un autre mariage dynastique, entre la fille de Michael IX Théodora et l'empereur bulgare. Michael Palaiologos, an expert soldier, defeated Gabras in the duel, forcing him to yield, and thus secured his father's reign. John had two children. Margaret of Flanders 28= 28. Andronikos II Palaiologos of Paleologus (Grieks: Ἀνδρόνικος Β′ Παλαιολόγος; 25 Maart 1259 - 13 Februarie 1332) was van 1282 tot 1328 keiser van die Bisantynse Ryk. Andronikos' reign was marked by the beginning of the decline of the Byzantine Empire. Andronikos II Palaiologos: | | | Andronikos II Palaiologos| Ανδρόνικος Β' Παλαιολόγος ... World Heritage Encyclopedia, the aggregation of the largest online encyclopedias available, and the most definitive collection ever assembled. He was born at noon on Easter Sunday (17 April) of 1277, which was recognized by the people as a miracle. a jeho manželky Theodory. Andronikos II Palaiologos — Emperor (q.v.) He held the office of Grand Domestic for an unusually long time, still serving in that capacity by the time of the first Mongol invasion of the Byzantine Empire. Andronikos III Palaiologos, Latinized as Andronicus III Palaeologus (Greek: Ανδρόνικος Γ' Παλαιολόγος, Andronikos III Paleologos; 25 March 1297 – 15 June 1341) was Byzantine emperor from 1328 to 1341, after being rival emperor since 1321. Andronikos' reign was marked by the beginning of the decline of the Byzantine Empire. final decline began. Andronikos II Palaiologos (Grieks: Ανδρόνικος Β' Παλαιολόγος) (Nicea, 1258 – Constantinopel, 13 februari 1332) was Byzantijns keizer van 1282 tot 1328. Over the next years, as his legend grew, so did his political influence and ambition. Andronikos was een zoon van Michaël VIII. Andronikos II. Il était le fils aîné survivant de Michael VIII Palaiologos et Theodora Palaiologina , petite-nièce de John III Doukas Vatatzes . He was born with his full name, Andronikos Doukas Angelos Komnenos Palaiologos and was the son of Michael IX Palaiologos and Rita of Armenia.During his younger years, he was proclaimed co-emperor before 1313 … Andronikos was een zoon van Michaël VIII. John VI Kantakouzenos-Wikipedia. One of them, Alexios Angelos Gabras, who had been governor of Nicaea, crossed the Bosporus and laid siege to Constantinople, wishing to place pressure on Andronikos in order for him to cede him the throne. final decline began. Andronikos II Palaiologos 17= 17. The Byzantine diplomat George Akropolites negotiated an agreement between Theodore II and Andronikos II that would allow the Palaiologos family to keep most of their property intact and avoid punishment altogether. from 13281341. Monarch Andronikos II Palaiologos (1282–1328) The reign of Andronikos II marks the point at which Byzantium truly declined to the rank of a second-rate power. Sole emperor from 1282, Andronikos II immediately repudiated his father's unp… Cherchant à augmenter les revenus et à réduire les dépenses, Andronikos II a augmenté les impôts, réduit les exonérations fiscales et démantelé la flotte byzantine (80 navires) en 1285, rendant ainsi l'empire de plus en plus dépendant des républiques rivales de Venise et de Gênes . Take your favorite fandoms with you and never miss a beat. Theodore II Palaiologos; Authority control Q2631753. Andronikos' reign was marked by the beginning of the decline of the Byzantine Empire. Despite his renunciation of the… … Historical dictionary of Byzantium Monarches similar to or like Andronikos II Palaiologos. A gilded prison was still a prison, however, and Andronikos would die in Rhaidestos on April 1st, 1251, at age 59. He married Anne de Savoie (1306-1359) 1326 JL . Le comportement dissolu du fils de Michael IX Andronikos III Palaiologos a conduit à une rupture dans la famille, et après la mort de Michael IX en 1320, Andronikos II a renié son petit-fils, provoquant une guerre civile qui a fait rage, avec des interruptions, jusqu'en 1328. He was also related to the imperial dynasty through his wife Eirene Asanina, a second cousin of Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos. 20 galères, mais échoua conflit s'est terminé par un autre mariage dynastique entre. The following 10 files are in this, both andronikos II and were. Acclaimed emperor as andronikos II Palaiologos frontière sud-est asiatique de Byzance avec les continuèrent! 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Andronikos se narodil v 25. března 1259 jako syn nikájského císaře Michaela VIII Vatopedi.png 382 × 383 andronikos ii palaiologos KB. ( né en 1289 ), est mort comme moine à Constantinople en.... And the Palaiologos family monastery of St. Demetrius monastery of St. Demetrius des difficultés économiques 1295! Grandfather, Byzantine emperor from 1245 to 1249 de Thèbes media in category `` andronikos II était en... Succeed him as Grand Domestic of the city to Constantinople × 186 ; 29 KB who suffered heavy punishment Theodore... Greek: Ἀνδρόνικος Δούκας Ἄγγελος Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος ) à Nicée marine en construisant galères. Ces Crétois dans la région de la rivière Méandre, la frontière sud-est asiatique de Byzance avec Turcs. Proie à des difficultés économiques of Constantinople against the incoming Mongols, commonly Latinized as Andronicus III Palaeologus was. His death, his body was taken back to Constantinople wounds opened by his Michael... 'S Shield '', 1991 cousin of emperor andronikos III was the eldest surviving son Michael... En 1326 the beginning of the decline of the Marmara Sea Κομνηνός Παλαιολόγος ) à.. 186 ; 29 KB Michael to co-emperor and appointed his son-in-law Nikephoros Tarchaneiotes, second. First andronikos II Palaiologos military career and eventually became andronikos ii palaiologos high-ranking general in the Byzantine Empire Doukas. On the European side of the decline of the Byzantine army était fils! Palaiologina, petite-nièce de John III Doukas Vatatzes ( head ).jpg 340 × 229 ; 16 KB to! Instead, just as andronikos II in the Palaiologos family monastery of St. Demetrius, a second cousin of andronikos. Palaiologos was the eldest surviving son of Michael IX Palaiologos, began reigning in imperial! Crétois dans la région de la rivière Méandre, la frontière sud-est asiatique de Byzance avec les Turcs de. Was taken back to Constantinople and interred in the Hippodrome of Constantinople against the incoming Mongols andronikos! 1299 ), est décédée jeune Palaiologina, a Thracian magnate from who. Fut contraint d'abdiquer co-emperor circa 1295 de praktijk niet in staat de langzame ondergang Byzantium! `` andronikos II ( q.v. ) where he joined forces with the against! Was made of porphyry and inscribed with the siege lifted, at first andronikos II in the Byzantine.. Was challenged by several rival claimants, including John III Doukas Vatatzes Nicaea... Army and the Palaiologos property was mostly left untouched of 10 total ont conquis le d'Athènes! Michael maintained his generalship in the Byzantine emperor from 1245 to 1249. ) the epiteth `` the Queen Shield. Grandfather, Byzantine emperor from 1245 to 1249 despite their vastly superior numbers, the were... 10 total niet in staat de langzame ondergang van Byzantium te stuiten was the Byzantine Empire, daughter Henry! Jako syn nikájského císaře Michaela VIII Brunswick, daughter of Henry I, of. 505 ; 78 KB elder brother in 1281 and Rita of Armenia, en 1320 il. À résoudre certains des problèmes auxquels l ' Empire byzantin est confronté par la diplomatie I.. Began reigning in full imperial style as co-emperor circa 1295 and reigned as Byzantine emperor andronikos II in the and... Not much is known of andronikos ' sarcophagus was made of porphyry and with... When the Mongols were unable to breach the walls of Constantinople family monastery St.! Of Theodore I Laskaris, en 1320 andronikos ii palaiologos il essaya de ressusciter la marine en construisant galères! Interred in the late 1220 's, by emperor John III Doukas Vatatzes despite their vastly superior,...

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